What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Guide for Parents

When you first hear the term autism, it can feel overwhelming and confusing. As a parent, you want what is best for your child, and understanding their unique way of experiencing the world is the first step. If you have questions about what autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is, you are not alone. It is a common developmental condition, and with the right information and support, an autistic child can lead a happy, fulfilling life.

This guide is here to provide clear, compassionate answers to your questions. We will walk through what ASD is, how it is diagnosed, and how you can support your child. At the Chicago Autism Testing Institute, we believe that understanding is the foundation of support, and we are here to guide your family on this journey.

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts with others, and processes sensory information. It is called a “spectrum” because it affects every individual differently. There is a wide range of strengths and challenges among people with autism, and no two experiences are exactly alike. The range of autistic traits can include differences in communication, sensory processing, and behavior.

Common characteristics of autism, often referred to as autism symptoms, can be grouped into two main categories:

1. Social Communication and Interaction Challenges: A child with autism may find it difficult to navigate the social world. This can look like:

• Difficulty making and maintaining eye contact.
• Challenges with back-and-forth conversations.
• Not responding to their name or to social gestures like pointing.
• Difficulty understanding non-verbal cues like facial expressions or body language.
• Challenges in developing and maintaining friendships, as well as maintaining relationships over time, which can affect social development.
• Difficulties with social emotional reciprocity, meaning there may be challenges in the give-and-take of social interactions and emotional exchanges.
• Social skills may be an area where autistic individuals need support to better understand and participate in social interactions.
• Autistic individuals may experience social interactions differently than non autistic people, which can lead to misunderstandings or difficulties in social environments.

2. Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors: This category includes a range of behaviors and interests that can be unique to a child with autism. Examples include:

• Repeating certain words or phrases (echolalia).
• Having restricted interests, meaning an intense, focused interest in specific topics (e.g., trains, dinosaurs, numbers).
• Performing repetitive movements like hand-flapping, rocking, or spinning.
• A strong need for sameness and routine, and difficulty with transitions.
• Sensory sensitivities, such as being over- or under-sensitive to sounds, lights, textures, or tastes.

It is important to remember that many children exhibit some of these behaviors from time to time. With autism, these characteristics are persistent and impact a child’s ability to function in their daily life. Recognizing early signs of autism in a child's behavior is crucial for timely intervention and support.

Characteristics and Symptoms of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that presents a broad range of characteristics, which can look very different from one person to another. While every autistic person is unique, there are some common patterns that families and healthcare providers look for when considering an autism diagnosis.

Social Communication Differences: Children and adults with autism spectrum disorder often experience challenges with social communication. This can include difficulty understanding and using spoken language, as well as nonverbal communication like gestures, facial expressions, and body language. Some autistic people may have trouble starting or maintaining conversations, while others might not use typical eye contact or may interpret language very literally.

Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors: A hallmark of autism spectrum disorder is the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. These can include repeating the same actions, words, or phrases, following strict routines, or having intense interests in specific topics. Many autistic individuals find comfort in sameness and may become distressed if their routine is disrupted.

Sensory Processing Differences :Many people on the autism spectrum experience sensory processing differences. This means they might be unusually sensitive—or less sensitive—to sensory input such as sounds, lights, textures, or smells. For example, a child might cover their ears in response to everyday noises or seek out certain sensations like spinning or touching specific textures.

Variability Across the Spectrum: Because autism is a spectrum, symptoms can range from mild to more pronounced. Some autistic children and adults may have strong language skills but struggle with social interaction, while others may be nonverbal and communicate in different ways. Intellectual functioning can also vary, with some individuals having intellectual disabilities and others demonstrating average or above-average intelligence.

Other Associated Features :In addition to the core characteristics, some autistic people may experience challenges with motor skills, sleep, or attention. Co-occurring conditions such as anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or gastrointestinal issues are also more common among people with autism spectrum disorders.

Recognizing these characteristics early can help families access the right support and interventions. If you notice any of these signs in your child’s development or behavior, consider reaching out to a healthcare provider or developmental and behavioral pediatrics specialist for guidance

How is Autism Diagnosed?

An accurate autism diagnosis is the key to unlocking support for your child. The process is comprehensive and involves much more than a simple checklist. There is no blood test or medical scan for autism; instead, diagnosis is based on observing a child’s behavior and gathering a detailed developmental history.

The diagnostic process typically includes:

1. Developmental Screenings: Your pediatrician may conduct routine screenings to check if your child is meeting developmental milestones. If concerns arise, they will recommend a more comprehensive evaluation.
2. Comprehensive Evaluation: This is conducted by a specialist, such as a clinical psychologist or developmental pediatrician. It involves a deep dive into your child’s developmental history, strengths, and challenges.
3. Observational Assessments: Tools like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2), are used. This is a play-based assessment where a trained clinician observes your child’s social communication and interaction skills in a structured way.
4. Parent Interviews: You are the expert on your child. The clinician will spend significant time talking with you to understand your child’s behavior in different settings.

Early and accurate autism testing is crucial. It allows your child to access interventions and therapies when they can have the most significant impact on their development.

Supporting a Child with Autism

Receiving an autism diagnosis is just the beginning of the journey. As a parent, you play a vital role in your child’s growth and success. Here are some practical ways you can provide autism support for your child:

• Create Structure and Routine: Children with autism often thrive on predictability. A consistent daily routine helps them feel safe and reduces anxiety.
• Use Visual Supports: Visual aids like picture schedules, charts, and social stories can help your child understand expectations and navigate daily tasks more easily.
• Embrace Their Interests: Acknowledge and support your child’s special interests. These can be a powerful tool for learning and a great way to connect with them.
• Seek Professional Therapies: Evidence-based therapies can help your child build critical skills. These may include:
• • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Helps improve social, communication, and learning skills through positive reinforcement.
  • Speech Therapy: Focuses on developing verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
  • Occupational Therapy: Helps with fine motor skills, daily living activities, and sensory integration.
• Focus on Strengths: Every child with autism has unique strengths. Celebrate their talents and encourage their passions. Shifting your focus from challenges to strengths can build their confidence and self-esteem.

How Chicago Autism Testing Institute Can Help

Navigating the world of autism can feel overwhelming, but you do not have to do it alone. The Chicago Autism Testing Institute is dedicated to providing compassionate, expert care for families. We specialize in autism testing in Chicago, using gold-standard tools to provide an accurate and thorough diagnosis.

Our family-centered approach means we see you as a partner in your child’s care. We take the time to listen to your concerns, answer your questions, and provide you with a clear roadmap for the future. Our team offers the autism support Chicago families need to feel confident and empowered. From diagnosis to connecting you with ongoing care, we are here to help.

A Path Forward with Understanding

Understanding autism spectrum disorder is the first, most powerful step you can take to support your child. An evaluation is not about getting a label; it is about gaining insight into how your child sees the world so you can provide them with the tools they need to thrive. With knowledge, love, and the right support, your child can achieve incredible things.

If you have concerns about your child’s development, we are here to help. Contact the Chicago Autism Testing Institute today to learn more about our evaluation process and how we can support your family’s journey.